The first 2 scans are just a rough template over the whole word, identifying the x-height and cap height. The second 2 are a more detailed look into the structure over the letterform, identifying the proportionality of the letter and the relationship of lengths between stem and serif.
What I noticed especially with Helvetica, is that the letterforms are made up of a grid of small squares and the length of stems and arms are proportional to each other. What this creates is a geometrically sound form that works because of its mathematical proportions. Thus what is crucial in making visually proportionate letterforms is to utilise a grid system that evens the spacing and lengths of the letterform anatomy.
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